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The Russian Federation faces important economic and social challenges. By 1998 national income was little more than half its level in 1990. Life expectancy for men is now about 61 years, compared to 65 years a decade ago. The rate of suicide and self-inflicted injuries is more than three times the OECD average and maternal mortality rates are about five times the OECD average. Infectious diseases have increased in prevalence, but real public spending on health care has fallen by nearly one-third. Spending on many other social programmes has fallen even as a percentage of the smaller GDP, yet much expenditure remains inefficient and ineffective in addressing the serious problem of poverty. More than a quarter of the Russian population is poverty-stricken according to official criteria. Average wages are not much more than half of their real level of the early 1990s, and wage and pension arrears have posed serious problems in the recent past. The informal economy has grown significantly. What can be done to address this crisis? This book provides a detailed analysis of the social problems facing the Russian Federation, and develops proposals for continuing reform to improve the economic fundamentals, including the productivity, while at the same time ensuring that social and labour market policies become more effective in helping the poorest Russians. The book also proposes policy reforms to improve the operation of the labour market, to guarantee a package of essential health care services, to address the wide disparities between different regions of the Russian Federation, and to deal with the human crisis experienced by the very poor.

Russia (Federation) -- Economic conditions -- 1991-. --- Russia (Federation) -- Economic conditions. --- Russia (Federation) -- Social conditions -- 1991-. --- Russia (Federation) -- Social conditions. --- Russia (Federation). --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Conditions --- Russia (Federation) --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Social Issues/Migration/Health

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Second only to China in the magnitude of its economic miracle and second to none in its potential to shape the new century, India is fast undergoing one of the most momentous transformations the world has ever seen. In this panoramic book, Patrick French chronicles that epic change, telling human stories to explain a larger national narrative. Melding on-the-ground reports with a deep knowledge of history, French exposes the cultural foundations of India's political, economic and social complexities. He reveals how a nation identified with some of the most wretched poverty on earth has simultaneously developed an envied culture of entrepreneurship. Even more remarkably, he shows how, despite the ancient and persistent traditions of caste, as well as a mind-boggling number of ethnicities and languages, India has nevertheless managed to cohere, evolving into the world's largest democracy, largely fulfilling Jawaharlal Nehru's dream of a secular liberal order.--From publisher description.

India --- India --- India --- India --- Economic conditions --- History --- Politics and government --- Social conditions

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Political psychology --- Political sociology --- Symbolism in politics --- Sociolinguistics --- Psychologie politique --- Sociologie politique --- Symbolisme en politique --- Sociolinguistique --- Psychologie politique. --- Symbolisme en politique. --- Sociolinguistique. --- politique --- sociologie --- politiek --- United States --- Social conditions --- Political sociology. --- United States - Social conditions - 1980 --- -Political psychology --- -Psychologie politique

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Labour market --- Europe --- marche du travail --- politique de l'emploi --- arbeidsmarkt --- werkgelegenheidsbeleid --- Youth --- European communities --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Employment

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The African Economic Outlook , a joint project of the African Development Bank and the OECD Development Centre, is an annual review of the recent economic situation and the likely short-term evolution of selected African countries. . The analysis is presented on a country-by-country basis using a unique analytical design. This common framework includes a forecasting exercise for the current and the two following years using a simple macroeconomic model, together with an analysis of the social and political context. It also contains a comparative synthesis of African country prospects, placin

Africa -- Economic conditions. --- Africa -- Economic policy. --- Africa -- Social conditions. --- Africa --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy. --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Water resources development --- Ressources en eau --- Exploitation --- Congrès --- Congresses